| We porposons you below Ci a lexicon as complete as possible. You can also reach the glossary in cliquand on this bond. 1. Accreditation: Process of checking of one or several organizations, by an entity making authority on the matter (like the French Committee of ACréditation in France), so that they control organizations applicants and grant certifications in the name of the first entity. The organizations of accreditation must themselves satisfy a standard ISO 17011 or ISO 65 (International organization of Standardization), which regulate the process of certification of the product. Thus for example, Afaq- AFNOR or Ecocert is organizations of certification accredited by ISO. 2. Responsible purchase: Integration of environmental and social considerations in the daily purchases of the consumers, answering respectively a preoccupation of durability and an equity. The responsible purchase supposes that the consumers can, by their purchases, to support or sanction the practices of the companies. The responsible purchase relates to as well the companies as in-house public authorities. 3. Name of controlled origin (AOC): The L.115-1 article of the code of consumption and the payment THIS n°2081/92 define the label of origin like the denomination of a country, an area or a locality being used to indicate a product which in is originating and whose quality or characters is due to the geographical environment, including/understanding natural factors and human factors. Today, the concept of AOC exists in several countries. In France, the recognition of a name of controlled origin can be done only by decree on proposal of the INAO (National institute of the Labels of origin). This stage, the equitable trade did not begin to distribute products “AOC”. 4. Alternative approach: Approaches the equitable trade corresponding to the integrated die which preaches another organization of the international business, a rupture with the current rules, a revision of the international institutions (OMC, International financial institutions) and the establishment of new partnerships. It considers the development of the equitable trade in autonomy, out of the conventional trade and in a qualitative way. Refusing collaboration with the great distribution networks, the alternative approach begins so that even the distribution and the marketing of the products are done through equitable actors. 5. Reformist approaches: Approaches corresponding to the operating process of the labellized die which uses the vectors conventional commercial with as objective improving their practices gradually. Its defenders consider that the development of the equitable trade will be done by its democratization and its generalization. The importance of the increase in volumes of sale thus justifies to work with large distribution or of the multinationals to reach many people. 6. Bio-equitable: The bio-equitable term calls upon the combination of two concepts: the concern of equity in the commercial exchanges and the respect of the environment. He fulfills the requirements of the consumers of these two distinct sectors which seem in certain cases to be melted in the same logic. In addition, the mark “Bio-équitable©” comes from a charter created by five French companies. It is certified by the organization Ecocert and its logo “bio-équitable©” identifies the products marketed by these companies and which satisfy the criteria of their charter. Bio-equitable does not form part of the PFCE. 7. Biological: A biological product comes from a mode of culture or breeding excluding the use of the pesticides and artificial fertilisers from synthesis. The organic farming is based on the maintenance of environmental balance and biological diversity. A product, when it is transformed, must be made up from at least 95% of ingredients bio to carry logo AB. Official sign of the Ministry for agriculture, this logo guarantees a quality attached to a respectful mode of production of the environment. The speakers of the die bio are controlled, at least once per annum, by a certified independent organism approved by the public authorities. 8. Certification: Process of checking entrusted at a third organization accredited and impartial to attest that a service, a product or a process are in conformity with the specifications stated in a schedule of conditions (what can be a standard). Thus, if certification and accreditation are two procedures of checking, the accreditation checks competences whereas certification checks a conformity in a schedule of conditions. 9. Alternative trade: First historical denomination of the equitable trade in the Sixties, expressing a will to create an alternative to the traditional business practices, considered as generators of inequalities. PFCE Platform for Equitable trade 2 10. Equitable trade: _ The definition of reference most frequently accepted is that which was retained by FINE in 2001*: “The Equitable trade is a partnership commercial, founded on the dialogue, the transparency and the respect, whose objective is to arrive to a greater equity in the world commerce. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better commercial conditions and by guaranteeing the rights of the producers and the marginalized workers, particularly in the South of planet. The organizations of the Equitable trade (supported by the consumers) are actively committed to support the producers, to sensitize the opinion and conducting campaign in favour of changes in the rules and practices of the conventional international business. ”. *FINE: global area network of coordination of the actions of the actors of equitable trade (FLO, IFAT, NEWS, EFTA). _ According to Agreement AFNOR published at the beginning of 2006, three dimensions of the equitable trade are the following ones: - the balance of the commercial relation between the partners or the contracting ones, - accompaniment of the organizations of producers and/or workers engaged in the equitable trade, - the information and the sensitizing of the consumer, the customer, and overall of the public to the equitable trade. _ The Law of August 2, 2005 poses one 1st legal reference which will have to be supplemented by a decree on enforcement of a law: Article 1: The equitable trade falls under the national strategy of sustainable development. Article 2: Within the activities of the trade, craft industry and services, the equitable trade organizes exchanges of goods and services between developed countries and handicapped producers located in the developing countries. This trade aims to the establishment of durable relations resulting in ' ensuring the economic progress and social of these producers. Article 3: The natural persons or morals which take care of the respect of the conditions defined above are recognized by a commission whose composition, competences and criteria of above mentioned recognition are defined by decree in Council of State. ” 11. Trade ethical: Trade guaranteeing that the producers, the distributors and their employees work in the respect of the human rights, the fundamental standards of the International organization of the Work and possibly of criteria of environmental protection. However, the definition of the ethical trade not being established concretely, any economic actor anxious to minimize some of the failures of the conventional trade with respect to these social aspects or environmental, can qualify its step of ethics. 12. Interdependent trade: Specific trade in which the consumer supports by his purchase an organization of solidarity (producing or recipient of the incomes of the sale). Its criteria of definition are less total than those of the equitable trade because there is no control of the whole of the methods of production and transformation. It is before a a whole initiative of solidarity in the process. In addition, it is not here any more of international business and North-South solidarity, but more often of solidarity within a national framework. For example, one can quote the companies of insertion which engage a targeted personnel and usually marginalized of the labour market. The interdependent trade concerns the social economy and interdependent. 13. Degradation of the terms of trade: Economic expression which indicates the phenomenon of devalorization relative of the selling prices of the raw materials in comparison to that of the processed products. The countries of the South whose economy is based on the raw material export must consequently produce and sell each time to more be able to buy the same quantity of products processed coming from the countries of North. The productivity gains which relate to the production of raw materials generally translate by price drops, whereas the prices of the manufactured goods are maintained because they integrate unceasingly more technological advancement. 14. Sustainable development: “Sustainable development is a development which meets the needs for the present without compromising the capacity of the future generations to answer theirs. Two concepts are inherent in this concept: the concept of “need” and more particularly of the most stripped essential needs of, to which it is appropriate to grant the greatest priority and the idea of the limitations that the state of our techniques and our organization. social force on the capacity of the environment to meet the present needs and to come. ” * *énoncée by the Prime Minister of Norway, Mrs Brundtland, in 1987 and adopted by the international community in Diary 21 of the Conference of Rio in 1992. 15. Local development: Initiatives installation, within a framework of partnership actions, by the actors interested in the improvement of the living conditions in their immediate environment. The objectives include the improvement of economic environment and social, for example through the producers' cooperatives. 16. Social economy and Interdependent: Together activities tending to the democratization of the economy starting from engagements citizens and initiatives having for objective the reinforcement of social cohesion and job creation (for example the micro credit). If the interdependent economy term can refer at the same time to the initiatives of the public sector like private sector, the social economy term indicates the “third sector”, composed of associations, co-operatives and mutual insurance companies. The 2 steps fall under a collective dimension with social vocation which goes beyond the economic one (job creation, insertion, safeguarding of the environment, offer products or services to high social utility…). 17. Education With Development (EAD): They are initiatives related to the information of the general public on the international situation so that he seizes the stakes and forges his critical spirit of them. This step aims taking note of the complexity of the development processes and the multiple interdependences, and at making evolve/move mentalities and the behaviors of each one in order to build a world righter, interdependent and durable. 18. Integrated die: Constitute the historical mode of organization of the equitable trade, in which all the actors and their intermediaries are engaged in the equitable trade (the producer, the importer, the sales outlet). The Craftsmen Federation of the World works in this step. PFCE Platform for Equitable trade 3 19. Labellized die: Corresponds to an evolution of the practices of the equitable trade with the creation of the Max Havelaar label, appeared at the end of the Eighties in the Netherlands and in 1988 in France. Companies begin to respect a precise schedule of conditions (work conditions, payment of a price right) and to be supplied near producers of the South approved by the organization of certification so being able to affix the Max Havelaar logo on the products concerned. The latter can then be sold in all the places of distribution without them themselves being engaged as regards equitable trade. In this direction, and although one speaks about labellized die, it should well be noted that the whole of the die is not inevitably equitable. 20. Guarantee, or guarantee scheme: Insurance, delivered at the end of a process of checking, of adequacy enters of the practices and the principles. With regard to the equitable trade, in the absence of legal definition and of mode of certification standardized, there exist various schemes de guarantees through certifications and private recognitions. These guarantees can respectively relate on the basic commodity, its transformation, or the structure which manage the importation and/or marketing. 21. International financial institutions (IFI): The International financial institutions can be classified in three categories: institutions of Bretton Woods (the IMF, the World Bank), district banks of development (African Bank of Development; Inter-American bank of Development) and financial institutions of the European Union. Their system of not very democratic operation, to the detriment of the countries of the South, is called into question since years. 22. Label: Mark or logotype property of the public authorities affixed on a product or a die, which guarantees its origin and/or its quality. With regard to the equitable trade, the term of label is often used by companies to ensure of the respect of a schedule of conditions. The attribution and the control of the label are not based on official reference frames of equitable trade because there are not some yet. 23. Lobbying: Influence exerted by a lobby or lobby on an public authority or deprived. The lobbying is used by the actors of the equitable trade to promote and negotiate near the public authorities of the equitable commercial exchanges with more large scales. The Platform for the Equitable trade allows the various actors who compose it of speaking in a way concerted during the national and international negotiations. 24. Mark: Sign being used to distinguish the products from a manufacturer, the goods of a tradesman or a community. There exists a distinction between a mark of private company and a mark in collective name. Max Havelaar uses a mark in collective name for its part, because several companies affix its logo on their products. 25. Normalizes: Standard established by consensus within an authority recognized by the public authorities which guarantees a level standard for a given activity. Its application is not obligatory but conditions sometimes the right to profit from an appellation contr4ol3ee or a label. In France, AFNOR (n°40 definition) works out and publishes the standards, and coordinates the French system of standardization. 26. Plea: Activity which consists in making visible and to promote a topic so that it is taken into account in the institutional diary (International Conferences, ministerial, etc). The plea also returns to the activities undertaken towards the general public to communicate and mobilize around this subject. 27. Precede development: Precede delivered by certain organizations of equitable trade, like Max Havelaar, with the organizations of producers or the co-operatives partners of the South. The purpose of the development incentive is to finance collective social projects (for example: health centres, formation). 28. Price right: The equitable trade guarantees to the producer a decent income, thanks to the fixing of a “price just” negotiated. This price must meet the expenses of production, the requirements elementary for the producer and must allow benefit sufficient for the improvement of the living conditions of the community. The prices are fixed jointly by the organizations of equitable trade and the producers. The price right, because it is guaranteed in the long run, makes it possible to the producers to obtain a stable income, even for the crisis periods, for example in the case of a slump in prices of certain raw materials (coffee, cocoa, sugar…). However, the ambiguity of the concept of price right remains. It is indeed difficult to define what is a decent standard of living. 29. Social responsibility of the companies: Engagement of a company to answer waitings of the public and consumers from the points of view economic, environmental, and social. This principle leaves the report which a company can arrive to an economic advancement while contributing to the wellbeing of the company. That supposes a taking into account of environmental protection, transparent information and mechanisms ensuring social cohesion. The equitable trade can make it possible companies to begin there. 30. National strategy of Sustainable development: Project of public policies of the government, started in 2003, which fixes the framework of intervention of the main actors of sustainable development in France for the five years to come. The principal points are the following: education with sustainable development, the implication of the State and the mobilization of the actors concerned (citizens, undertaken, and communities). The support of the public authorities for the development of the equitable trade takes part in it. PFCE Platform for Equitable trade 4 31. Equitable tourism: Form interdependent tourism which declines, moreover, the principles of the equitable trade to the tourist activity. It is implemented by tourist operators in direct partnership with the local communities, which are formed and remunerated equitably. The benefit of this tourism are perceived mainly locally and are devoted to local development projects to improve the living conditions of the whole of the community. 32. Interdependent tourism: Form tourism which gathers the forms of alternative and integrated tourisms which fall under a logic of development of the territories, ecological conscience (minimization of the environmental impact), of respect of the population and their cultures. It wishes to benefit directly the countries from the South by developing the resources, the local inheritance and by implying the populations in the various phases of the project. 33. FINE: Abstract forum of the four global area networks of equitable trade. Its initials are composed of initial of the latter: - International FLO (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations): organization of federation of the 22 national initiatives “Max Havelaar”. FLO establishes certification (schedule of conditions) and the follow-up of the producers in the countries of the South. - IFAT (International Alternative Federation for Trade): Created in 1989, the IFAT gathers 270 organizations of equitable trade in 60 countries, of which 65% are in the South. Its objective: the promotion and the development of the equitable trade. - NEWS (Network off European World Shops): network of shops of equitable trade (15 national associations). - EFTA (European Fair Trade Association): federation of the European importers of products resulting from the equitable trade (13 members). 34. PFCE: The Platform for the Equitable trade is an organization of national representation of the actors of the equitable trade. Since, 1997, it centers its actions on the promotion of the step near institutional actors, the reinforcement of the guarantee schemes, the search and the development for a resource centre. Its 34 members respect the Charter of the Equitable trade. 35. DIIESES: Interdepartmental delegation with the innovation, the social experimentation and the social economy. It is placed under the authority of the minister in charge for employment, social cohesion and housing, and is the privileged interlocutor of the organizations of the social economy within the public authorities. For this reason, it promotes the Equitable trade and attempts to support the initiatives making it possible to frame it and to develop it. 36. DCASPL: Direction of the trade, the craft industry, the services and the liberal professions. It concerns the Ministry for the Small and medium-size companies, the trade, the craft industry and of the liberal professions and is interested in the equitable trade within the framework of its competences on the sector commercial. 37. DGCCRF: Head office of Competition, the Consumption and the Repression of the Frauds. It belongs to the Ministry for Finances and intervenes in the equitable trade on the questions of control of the compliance with the rules, in particular of competition or quality. 38. MAE: Ministry for Foreign Affairs. It intervenes in the sector of the equitable trade because of its competence as regards international cooperation. 39. MEDD: Ministry for Ecology and Sustainable development. It is concerned with the equitable trade, in particular within the framework of the “National strategy for Sustainable development”. 40. MINISTRY FOR SME: At the origin of the first legal reference as regards equitable trade by the promulgation of the law of August 2, 2005. A Decree coming to specify this law will found a National Commission of the EC “charged to recognize the natural persons or morals which take care of the respect of the conditions of the equitable trade”. 41. AFAQ - AFNOR: Organization of Certification accredited ISO 65. It is independent of AFNOR. 42. AFNOR: French Standardization arranges. As regards equitable trade, it is in its centre that the negotiations are carried out on the definition of official and national standards. It is the French institution which sits at the international level for ISO. 43. COFRAC: French committee of Accreditation. Association charged by the French public authorities with accrediting the French organizations according to their competences and their impartiality in particular so that those are recognized with the international level. 44. ISO: International organization of Standardization. Network of national institutes of standardization of 156 countries. This institution is an organization making it possible to fix international standards of standardization. It grants accreditations at organizations of certification while following the standard ISO 65 which regulates the processes of certification. |
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